All About tourism

How much along the Great Wall of China

Egyptian pyramids were built originally to bury the Kings Pharaohs, there are about 138 pyramids

 were built in Egypt. The largest of the Egyptian pyramids is the pyramid of Cheops at Giza, which is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

The ancient Egyptians were adopted in the construction of the pyramids on the large labor force in the construction of these huge edifices. And he participated in the construction of the pyramid of Cheops in Giza between 20000-30000 man and for a period of up to 23 years, and contrary to popular opinion it is not the slaves who participated in the construction of the pyramids, but the men who have been Aatagahm, according to research Donald Redford, professor of ancient Mediterranean studies at Penn State, who says the peasants who participated in the construction of the pyramids got some incentives such as exemption from tax in addition to housing, food and free clothes.

I have been using limestone to build the basis of the pyramids while used limestone the best quality in the completion of the outer layers of the pyramids, and in addition to the limestone has been used in other Articles of Naba pyramids such as granite, basalt, in the top of the pyramid, which was sometimes coated with gold. It has been used pink granite in the interior walls of the pyramids while the basalt was used in flooring.

Workers used a variety of tools to cut the blocks used in the construction of the pyramids, including hoes and chisels copper and hammers granite, it is being used limestone found near the pyramids which are built where workers cut limestone and then transported to the construction site, and granite and other materials that were come from as far away was transported from the quarries on the boat in the Nile.

The stones are pulled from one place to another on the greasy pillar, and the proof of this, according to Redford comes from the 19th century BC in one of the carvings in the ancient Egyptian cemetery where it appears in the scene 173 men are on the greasy stones withdraw support.

In order to raise the large stones into place once in a pyramid, it was built ladders of bricks were covered with sheets of wax which led to the hardening of the surface, and then the possible withdrawal of the stones to the top until it reaches the place and then carrying out those steps again whenever risen to the top.

The truth is that a lot of people do not know about the Egyptian pyramids, but it was built very long ago in ancient Egypt, and it is a large and impressive structures, built for the burial of the kings of Egypt's pharaohs inside.

In fact, there is information and interesting facts and curiosity; you may not know about this wonderful beautiful structures.

So we offer 10 useful information about the Egyptian pyramids, according to the site

1. the three pyramids in Giza; is the most famous pyramids, and in fact discovered up to about 140 pyramid existed in ancient Egypt, believed to be the oldest Egyptian pyramid is a pyramid «Zoser» which was built in the «Saqqara» cemetery during the century 27 BC.

2 of the original height of the Great Pyramid «Cheops» 146.5 meters «481 feet», while the current height is 138.8 meters «455 feet»

3. Great Pyramid at Giza consists of 2,300,000 stone block, the weight of a single bloc of between 2 and 30 tons, but there are some blocks weighing more than 50 tons.

4. Historians disagree on determining the number of workers who participated in the construction of the pyramids, but the very least, put the number of such workers is 100,000 people.

 5. Each of the Egyptian pyramids were built on the West Bank of the Nile River, it has been linked to the world of the dead in Egyptian mythology.

6. not built the three pyramids in one way, Intrusive used to build the pyramids varied and evolved during the period of construction, and that the average build one pyramid is 20 years, with the knowledge that it was being built more than a pyramid at once.

7. temperature outside the pyramids remain variable according to the general climate, while the temperature inside the pyramids remain relatively constant, at around 20 degrees Celsius.

8. Great Pyramid earned the title of tallest man-made structure for a period of 3871 years, that has been building for Lincoln Cathedral in England in 1311.

9. In the 12th century, Aziz agreed the ruling Kurdish and Sultan second Ayyubid Egypt to demolish the pyramids and completely destroyed, but they abandonment of this agreement because it became clear to them that the task is great and arduous, but the effects of vandalism appeared to clear the pyramid «Menkaure» where he notes the existence of a vertical crack great on the north side.

10. stone pyramids were originally covered with sheath made of white limestone polished, where these stones reflect sunlight, making pyramids shine like jewel.

Thermal survey of the Pyramids project

Team finished "explore the pyramids and the secrets" of thermal surveys using infrared project on the eastern side of the Great Pyramid, in the experience of living amid local and international media coverage and extensive, resulting monitor and identify adult form of excellence of non-traditional forms of thermally shows the east side of Khufu's pyramid at ground level.

This came on the sidelines of the press conference, which was held recently Plateau pyramids to announce the preliminary results relating to the first phase of the project, which comes to cooperation between the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities and the Faculty of Engineering at Cairo University and 

He explained Dr. Mamdouh Eldamaty, Minister of Antiquities, that through this test Note Task Force variation in temperature of 0.1 to 0.5 degrees between two stones Jarien close proximity different characteristics, where radiation monitoring team infrared in this region, an area made up of several stone blocks contain nearly six degrees of spaces between adjacent blocks, which raises many questions which require further studies to uncover explanations for this phenomenon.

The Eldamaty during a press conference held after the end of the thermal scanning tests, the need to adapt the mechanisms of action different from using the latest scientific techniques available so as to contribute in advancing the process of archaeological work in various fields and to reveal more details and archaeological facts unknown, pointing out that all forms of non-conventional thermally that was recorded during the first phase of the project and what has been compiled from data, will be subject to further analysis with the use of three-dimensional imaging to serve the preparation for the next phase of the project within the next weeks.

Eldamaty He added that he has been the completion of the X-Mission infrared short-term track shapes unfamiliar heat on the surfaces of the pyramids at different times of the day and night, pointing out that what has been done from the thermal measurements allowed staff note a lot of non-traditional forms thermally all archaeological buildings , and the team pays to think of the many possible hypotheses attempt to explain this evidence that may lead us with the completion of the process of work to reveal more of the secrets of the pyramids.

He drew Eldamaty during the conference call for all Egyptologists to search again and taking these preliminary results of the project into consideration, pointing out that there is something what looks like a corridor cut and ground right in front of different heat blocks, which increases the likelihood that something behind these blocks, but it can not be predicted or revealing them only after the completion of all necessary studies.

For his part, Dr. Hany Helal, Minister of the former Education and Scientific Research, the scientific team involved the project take shape its role in the search for evidence and scientific evidence provides an opportunity for archaeologists to research and study on clear scientific grounds, stressing that the research did not stop at this point, but will be the work of search archaeological and architectural and geologist on the region and the use of muon so that we can judge what else these walls behind her, expressing his delight at the fruitful cooperation between the Ministry of Antiquities and the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University.

It is noteworthy that this huge archaeological project aims to apply the scanning tests and a full year for the largest Egyptian pyramids, including the Pyramid of Khufu, Khafre, the Pyramid curved red pyramid through a combination of the safe to the survey archaeological techniques, which do not penetrate impact in search of places yet to be discovered inside pyramids, as well as to reach a better understanding of the architectural design and how to build it, and combines techniques used between the thermal imaging techniques using infrared and X-ray Balmeon and stereoscopy.the Institute of Heritage Preservation and Innovation in Paris.

Architecture Palmyra

Do not destroy the first and second centuries centuries architectural scheme, which we know today, but whether or not assembled between spring "horizon" of sulfur, and the Temple, "but rather" the spring sweet water and the road leading to the valley of the tombs, has been split Altdmouryon, and in three phases, in the centuries, the second and third centuries AD , street Broakin on his right and his left, believes in the conduct of pedestrians and convoys, and facilitates communication between neighborhoods and destroying temples. It stems from the Temple, "but rather" to the place where the gate called Built error as the "Arc de Triomphe", and then extends to form a square in the position of "Altturabil" (building with four rules), reaches beyond the end of another yard under the hill on which the building is named "Djoklsaan camp" and proximity to the temple of the goddess "Lat". This street has facilitated communication between the city's landmarks, from the Temple, "but rather" to the Temple "Nebo" and to the baths, theater and Agora "field" and the Senate and the Temple "Baalchmin" and the structure of the water nymphs. And flanked this street and other landmarks were not discovered until the present day. This was a project of the Urban aesthetics and function, the greatest achievements of Palmyra, was Altdmouryon build public buildings bright abundant limestone quarries in the mountains surrounding their city.

Most of the houses that I discovered Palmyra, or some of its effects appeared above the Earth formed foundations of the building blocks of stone and brick walls complement or yogurt. Tsagv and cabins on the transverse holders of tree trunks and coated on the inside with lime, and decorated the upper walls and frames of doors and windows sections molded from plaster and mortar collage forms. In general, homes with one floor, while important large houses, as the model-based luxury behind the temple of Bel, the more than courtyard adorned with some of the rooms were carpeted with mosaics. In homes around the scene of ruin homeowner shop is part of the house, overlooking the street.

Religious architecture «temples»

Reflected in the temples Palmyra ancient Syrian tradition architecture. If we ignore the crowns and some classical tradition surface patterns, we find that the general plan of the temple destruction differs from the Greek temples Romanian scheme, as it mediates the central structure spacious courtyard ready to cruise, and is surrounded by galleries to follow the rituals and religious processions and neighboring devotees of the Lord's house. In the courtyard of the basin and purified the altar and religious Banquet Room. At issued central structure, which mediates the patio room for Idol, so nothing unusual in Greek temples Romania, in addition to the central structure of the windows and ceiling with flat-fronted triangular.

Cemeteries Palmyra

Palmyra cemetery is considered an area shaved the destruction of art and art in general, especially architecture. Taking up the cemetery Palmyra architecture that have achieved the purpose of the construction was famous. And covered it with aesthetic does not deny, it became more like a circuit Vault elegant, populated by brilliant stone sculptures are gathered and Mottagoron, and on couches sat and did in a meeting eternal and above them flowering arches and elegant cornices.

The oldest cemeteries Palmyra models Vault is the tower, and the outer appearance Kalberg totally box. In Syria, funerary towers in some archaeological sites, but the towers Palmyra Aldvinyh is the most accommodating and creative. The first models of these tombs belonging to the pre-Christmas was simpler, as it was the burial Maazib open outward. Then in the late first century AD it increased those towers neater and capacity and beautiful, the most famous cemetery Aelabl, a four floors and at altitudes of up to twenty meters and can accommodate hundreds of graves.

A model called the Vault House, which appeared in the second century AD and from the models in the valley of the tombs, and in the end of the long street. One of the clearest models cemetery Maruna (known as the Palace of living) in the northern cemetery. The vault is usually home above the earth that matches the one in which the courtyard of the medium and around Maazib burial.

The model most prevalent in Palmyra is ground tomb dates back to centuries, the second and third centuries, hundreds of it are found in graves around Palmyra, pry them and restored nearly ten tombs of the most famous burial of the three brothers, and burial Arhaa the rebuilt National Museum of Damascus. Ground and vault carved in the rock layer: Pavilion in the chest and wings Janbaan. A landfill is composed of four or five suites, some of which is with one wing. And burrow in the four walls parallel rows of deep Almaazib, and every Mazbh about six graves on each other, and each fills a bust QB funeral, and between Almaazib jambs or semi-crowned Corinthian columns with crowns or ionic. And rounding up Almaazib at the start of the curvature of the roof eaves prominent of plaster or stone decorated with decorations. At issued wing president, sometimes in sub-wings coffin or two or three scenes carved above the funeral. At the National Museum of Damascus visiting the cemetery Arhaa contemplates re-built underground ideal model luxury building elaborate reached by Architects Altdmouryon in the third century AD.

Phases sculpture destruction

It can be divided into the time-evolution of sculpture destruction into three phases: the first from the first century AD phase extends to the first half of the second century AD, and the pupils seem Actress Bdairtin, the brow is a decree, and male Hliqin, feeling women hanging on their shoulders and carrying spinners, adorn their ears Boaqrat in the form of bunches of grapes.

In the second phase extends in principle to the second half of the second century AD, the pupil circle are within a point, and the eyebrows are visible, and bearded men, except soothsayers. And women get caught parties Ooahthn, and Halihn hexagonal shape.

In contrast, the third phase of the first half of the third century people came to look at one side, women Azhn Ooahthn their hands, and Akthern of adornment jewelery, was festooned with one of them five decades or more.

It emerged during excavations in Palmyra sculptures from ancient phase (between the first century BC and the first half of the first century AD) carried out on a soft yellow stone, and the properties close to the first phase properties.

Frescos (Alfiresc)

Altdmouryon excelled in the art of mural paintings, among the few months frescos discovered are those found in the Temple of the Lord of lords Palmyrenes in Dura-Europos (validity of the Euphrates). These Palmyra fees follow the ancient Eastern traditions inform painting elements with dark stripes desire to identify each and highlighted, and it is known in Mary Fee (Tel Hariri), and Til Barsip (Red Hill), and others. And where people are traveling all around the viewer fixed Bnzerthm, do not follow the hands and feet and pleated garments traffic conditions, and keeps everything in the scene Pfrdih with their shared religious work, and carry out duties on a dry layer of smooth lime paints above color composite of metal oxides unresolved in the water.

Frescoes

In the cemetery of the three brothers

The richest known cemeteries in Palmyra fees mural is the burial of the three brothers, (the beginning of the third century AD), and wing-Sadr in this vault clad whole mural fees.

To draw a large format wall destruction in the study of art history, as it would be the ancestors of the next Byzantine art. The relationship between him and the mosaic Alfiresc Christian icons at that time undeniable.

Art and Architecture in Palmyra

Keep destruction of art, during the first three centuries and that left us the most beautiful artistic achievements and buildings Palmyra, on the eastern Syrian features affected the Hellenistic tradition in general and Asia, and increased vulnerability to the Greek tradition Romania since the second century AD.

He appeared in ruin following the prosperity of a layer of merchants and tribal elders and senior convoys and Kahan temples and Sdntha, and that was the class that manages the city was able to secure the autonomy of political, financial, and management, and has become an ally of Rome in a bitter struggle with the Persians. This layer is characterized by personality and love Btervha lavish and the construction of temples, palaces and banquet halls, especially cemeteries bus lovely decoration and visitation sculpture. And came to destroy the art and architecture are not confused their identities on the beholder.

General features of the art of destruction

Follow the destruction of the Syrian art traditions of art - the oldest known Mesopotamian days through. Affected by clear and Alvrthyh Indian art has been influenced (ancient Persian). In addition to the classic Greek and Roman influences. The ruin of the Urban influenced by the Greco-Roman planning to a large extent, as well as in the form of columns and capitals, but the effects of sculpture, Kaltmathil and murals, remained subject mainly oriental rules Kaltuge forward and rely on clear and specific people and landmarks lines.

Sculpture features, the most prominent effects of destruction of art, strong expression, and suggest models Pergola many men and Takecvhm and nobility, the beauty of women and Tervhn. And sculptures Palmyra developed Atiq port on the soft yellow limestone which facilitates customized, and characterized by common features: simple clothes Mtnah Kalosawr on the arms, and modified on the dress is not subject to radial movement of the body. Going to the front and to the side, The head alone determines the direction of movement, and faces curl, and nose connected to a single line with the front, and eyes Ajafnahma clearly defined, and hairdresser are parallels, and neck wrinkles represented in parentheses parallel. In these sculptures men not wearing military uniforms, as in some recent events sculptures.

The official sculpture

The effects did not reach the formal sculpture many models, Too many statues was based on carriers in the streets and squares have been destroyed after the fall of the crash or throw in the fire Istisnaa lime and gypsum. But little which is left of them suggesting that the statues of people officials and honorees collectively follow a traditional way, they represent Authority Waqar, and the height of each of them slightly tilted back, and long robes up to the feet, which are many folds or be on the lines Parthian (Persian old): Shirts over trousers and bobble, or your local attire, a long dress above the mantle. And be the right hand on the chest lying on the edge of the cloak wrapped, the shades drawn and the other stuck to stalk of the plant or the coiled cable. And the heads of the statues are carved with the body or vehicle complex person Venerable Authority. Distinguish the identity of the owner of the statue dressed head, which holds in the hand, rarely carries the statue owner's name.

Religious sculpture

We can classify the many creators of religious sculpture to the following main categories: scenes employers, religious and advances, and employers and worshipers of different conditions of carved panels, votive altars or given away to temples. Artist destruction has made no effort to distinguish Mabboudath and make shopping chariots, worn armor, and rode on horseback and camel, and proceed Taatmntq spears and swords, and sometimes moving in processions or stand in one line. Each of Lords code, has added sometimes the name of one of the lords in order to facilitate knowledge of the ordinary people, as it was not easy in the often disperse some of Lords for ordinary people, so that young people felt Palmyrenes and soldiers in various sculptures thick hair of lords, and the clothing worn by lords worn by people, ordinary, and in that serious difficulty for workers in Archaeology and Art history.

Funerary sculpture

The vast multitude of sculptures Palmyra intervention in the funerary sculptures of a class, and the only source of landfills, and are grouped into three categories: busts, which is between the bust and prominent inscription on the plate is installed in the interface graves, and slabs rectangular by two or more persons, carrying every one of the deceased, age Name the phrase alas, the most important thing is the destruction sculpture bed mortuary and the scenes of the funeral feast, and every bed tops the vault or wing it.

The people of Palmyra, language and writing

Writing Palmyra

Palmyra names constitute a science and religious rituals and rites, and a large number of lords, conclusive proof that the vast multitude of the population of Palmyra and its territory are Arabs, they have kept Arab traditions, remained the basic social system and their system convoys trade convoys. The Altdmouryon use in their writings that the Aramaic language was the language of writing and correspondence in Western Asia Achaemenids days ago, though Aramaic destroy some of the terminology used and Arabic versions.

Palmyra texts scattered visible from the Levant to the north of England and is considered the most important source for Palmyra, while in the city of Palmyra itself has so far found three thousand text of the destruction, including hundreds of texts liberated Baltdmouryh and Greek, which was the official language of the Roman rule in Syria. The Latin texts in Palmyra, they are on the fingers of your hands, and the destruction of the oldest known text back to the year 44 BC, and caused dating back to 272 AD, the year of the fall, however, destroy the Roman Emperor Aurelian. History Greyhound (October 312 BC) is the premise in the history of Palmyra texts.

Religion in Palmyra

Characterized Religion Palmyra Bastefaiah and compromise, and in the Lords compound Palmyrenes some sixty worshiped, led by Lord Babylonian origin but (Murdoch), have united in the days of the Greeks and Romans in the Lord Zeus / Jupiter, however it is usually the master Arehol (the sun) and Jlbol (Moon). It was the Lord Nebo son but quite popular in Palmyra, but the Lord Canaanite Baalchmin (Lord of the heavens) was at the head of another group of lords. The Altdmouryon worshiping Lat and Uzza and its growth and Radw and sun and other Arab divinities. The most important manifestation of religious rites Palmyra circling around the central structure of the temple, carrying the idol idol on a camel is protected by a red dome from Adam, as is customary among some Arab tribes days of paganism, and the priestly organization, and her grades and terms of reference of which Ahadjbh, as inferred from the texts....

Types of tombs in Palmyra

Cemeteries tower

Is the oldest types of landfills and back of the first century BC, a square shape, each of which is listed on the terrace, consisting Vault of several floors including stone staircase. And the most beautiful cemeteries tower landfills Aelabl models, Amliko, and Ketut.

Burial ground

Return of the first century BC, and the vault with a master suite and suites subset scheme, are covered from the inside with a layer of plaster, a plaster carried colorful scenes from the life and legends and photos of the dead and decorations engineering and plant and writings. This most beautiful cemeteries and burial of the three brothers and burial Nasr Lat, and burial Arhaa and many others.

Vaults home

Dating back to the end of the first century AD, the tomb consists of one floor led by a beautiful entrance door of carved stone, inside an open courtyard surrounded by corridors carrying ceilings, and around the inside terraces where Almaazib built, the most beautiful of these cemeteries, burial Aielme bin Zepeda, and burial White Palace and the burial of live Palace.

Destruction economy

Making the booming of destroying one of the mothers of the economy in the cities of the ancient world, and was once the heart of international trade between the East and the West time. Caravan trade has generated a rich layer of convoys to lift the title groves and cemeteries fantastic lavish decoration owners, created in the city means to life the high-end of the theater and bathrooms and halls Banquet. Named world Rostovtsev destroy the "caravan city," Every destruction of free Mysore was a merchant and more specifically the owner of a convoy or a participant in the activity. The convoy destruction the core of the economy, has affected convoys in the form of organization of the city and on the production and financial laws and the image of her daily life.

Palmyra after Zenobia

Queen Zenobia

Queen of Palmyra

Christianity has been established in Palmyra in the fourth century AD, and when pagan temples were closed Emperor Theodosius time at the end of that century, was converted major structures in the temple, but the temple Baalchmin and other churches. In the late fifth century and sixth century AD was destroying one of the centers Algsanyen allies State of rum. Historian Procopius was narrated that the Byzantine emperor Justinian (527-565m) sought to strengthen the walls destroyed by adding a round towers have also been in the custody of the water system is fixed.

In the year 634 AD open Khaled ibn al-Walid (Islamic army commander) destroy a ladder, and regained destroyed under the Umayyad deal of previous Ohimitha, and then neglected the Abbasid Caliphate.

At the beginning of atheist century hit by a great earthquake demolished buildings and died under the rubble section of the population. Then the city got up again days Alboraan, Otabkh Damascus in the twelfth century Ayyubid and in the twelfth and thirteenth century until the days of the Mamluks in the third century AD and continued to the fifth century AD. In those days, but the temple has become the fortress which houses most of the town and on the central structure of a mosque, where he praises Ibn Fadlallah age in the fourteenth century AD, destroyed houses and orchards and trade.

And the acceleration of bad condition destroys the days of the Ottomans (1516-1919m), and the village ordered her to suffer invasions of the Bedouins. The castle, which oversees the Palmyra, and named after the Arab castle is believed that the builder is Fakhruddin on (1595-1634m) with disagreement about that.

Had undertaken destroy Syria after independence and created a new city is designed in the form of scheme Htranji north-east of the ancient city, where the city is once again to be a lady Badia essential node in the in transport.

Explore Palmyra

The effects of Palmyra

Palmyra and become its queen noble courageous story of legendary breathtaking in the Western world after the Renaissance. And inspired Palmyra Zenobia of French writers, such as Dobeniayk and Abrjer and several plays of Moliere, has also been drawing their representation and carpets. This unprecedented popularity has prompted many European travelers to risk visited, the Italian whom Dlavali (the years 1616 and 1625) and the French Tavrnier (1638 m), and followed by traders Englishmen and others from various European countries, and the Alanclaizaan Wood and Dokens in 1751 visited Palmyra, and scanned archaeological, and it was their book "ruins of Palmyra," published in French and English in 1753 usher in systematic studies of Palmyra, and its impact on the French and the English Barthélémy Swinton interpretation of writings Palmyra, was followed by the visit to visit dozens of researchers and painters.

In 1881 he discovered the Russian Armenian Obamalik Lazarev text of the destruction of financial law, which was later transferred to the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia, is the longest financial texts of that time and the most important. Then publish the German Vaegand consisted huge for ruin after archaeological where work during 1902 and 1917 and sent a French academic mission to copy the writings of Palmyra in 1914, and the project at the end of the deployment of the author of "Collector writings Semitism" and the second part is dedicated to Palmyra. As of 1924, began the Danish Harald Angault excavations in Palmyra, and in 1929 moved the town of Palmyra from inside the temple to its present place endeavors of the Frenchman Henri Sereq the world, and after independence, the Syrian archaeological authorities excavated in Palmyra and the restoration of their effects, and still this business going on so far .

Archaeological monuments in Palmyra

The results of the archaeological excavations and restoration work discover the splendor of the ancient monuments, which are full of the ruin of the temples, squares and streets and columns, bathrooms, construction and could be summarized these monuments are as follows:

Bull Temple

It built the first century AD, and is completed to the second century AD back. It was dedicated to the Lord, but mainly. The temple consists of a square yard Rahibh closed dimensions of 210 × 205 m, and adorned the sanctuary (gonorrhea), which is the main shelter fetish Lord. It surrounds the arena portable portico with Corinthian capitals columns, are situated in the western porch on a single row in the northern corner remnants spiral staircase was leading to the roof of the porch, and the other three corridors are of two rows of columns, in the middle of pregnant women to raise statues of senior men to honor them. In the sanctuary to the left we see the remains of the basis of the dining room and the altar, and to the right the remains of the holy pond. Surrounds the campus porch columns and Corinthian capitals Bzacharvha doctrine of bronze, was carrying the roof of the porch on the huge bridges of carved stone inscribed with religious and mythological scenes and animal motifs and floral and geometric.

Nebo Temple

Temple Nebo is located west of the long arc street known as the "Arc de Triomphe", and the Lord Nebo is the son of the Lord, but-Murdoch, and the secretary of lords compound. This temple was built in the first century AD trapezoidal (85 × 78 × 44 × 60 m). And the Temple of external wall inside the courtyard in the middle of campus.

Temple Baalchmin

Located in the northern district of the city, and dates back to the second century AD, the temple consists of campus (Silas) and Bahtin northern and southern corridors of them. Threshold campus carrying six columns triangular front, and there is a second column holder in writing Tdmouryh dated in 130/131 AD.

Temple Baalchmin

In the early twentieth century.

Temple Lat

Located in the western neighborhood of the city, and dates back to the second century AD, consisting of a rectangular courtyard adorned with a gallery of campus led by six columns, which discovered the alabaster statue of the goddess Lat / Athens, and a statue of a lion Lat.

Geographical location

Mediates destroy visible Sham located about 243 kilometers from Damascus and 150 km east of Homs, when landing a mountain crossing at the foot of Mount Mantar from Palmyra mountain range, in the prolific basin spring water. This spring has created a green oasis has become a place of rest between Iraq and al-Sham, the station caravans between the Arabian Gulf and Persia and the Mediterranean Sea.

the city name

Back oldest mention of her name to destroy the current early in the second millennium BC, does not know the meaning of this name for sure. That it is logical and acceptable to have its name was derived from the «destroyed», which means "fever", the Arabic dialects of the languages ​​of the ancient Arabian Peninsula, has been renamed languages ​​of Greek and Latin and the languages ​​that evolved from them the name "Palmyra" Palmyra is derived from palm name.

Palmyra through the ages

Tadmor in prehistoric times

The low-based to the south-east from the site of Palmyra, otherwise known as navigation, Lake and wide fresh in the Paleolithic, frequented a quarry which had fed them the old man, who was sheltering in neighboring mountains. He has left us stone tools in Jurf al-Bayda and tuck the wheel and roller, particularly Mousterian model, which amounts to about 75 thousand years.

Researchers have found evidence from the Neolithic period in the vicinity of the spring and Oasis Alokmat, which live up to the seventh thousand BC. There is evidence of more recent times in the archaeological hill on which the temple of Bel.

Excavations at the hill mentioned to the discovery of pottery from the late Syrian era known as the ancient bronze in the range of 2200 led to 2100 BC. But the oldest texts remember destroy the current name and found the colony Kainc Assyrian (Coltbh) Cappadocia in Anatolia province. It is the beginning of the second millennium BC, followed by the texts found in the city of Mari (Tel Hariri on the Euphrates) dating back to the nineteenth century BC, and the other from Aimar (analgesic on the Euphrates) from the fourth century BC. As I mentioned her name also it destroys the current in the annals of the Assyrian king Tglat Baasr atheist who lived in the tenth century BC (1112-1074 BC).

Palmyra days Seleucids and Romans

Seleucus I

Founder of the Seleucid state in Syria

There is not much we know about the ruin in modern Babylonian state time (Chaldean 612-539 BC) or the state in the days of the Achaemenid (Persian 538-333 BC), but it was definitely an important city in the Seleucid period (312-64 BC .M.).

It remained destroy the Emirate of Arab self-rule throughout the Seleucid era state in the Levant, like the emirate of Homs and the Kingdom of the Nabataeans in Petra and Iturians in Lebanon and others. The historian Polybius mom subscription carries a name Tdmourya is «Zbdibl» with ten thousand Arab conquest of the Ptolemies, Seleucids at the Battle of Rafah (217 BC).

Palmyra has retained its independence after the Roman occupation of Syria in 64 BC, according to the writings of historians, Pliny the Elder and Opejanos, two reminder to the importance of the role of trade between the Persians and the Romans. It was appended to destroy the Romanian Empire in the mid-first century AD, and then actively joined in the Romanian state projects, and the Rmadtha and various forces to protect its borders from the Arabian deserts until the Danube basin and northern England, and moved her role Petra trading after the fall of the Nabataeans in 106 AD.

Emperor Hadrian

Awarded the title of destroying the city free

Granting the Emperor Hadrian (117-138m) destroy the status of free city, which is positioned to enact laws and determine their fees. And we have been active and very active in all aspects, especially in the field of economy convoys and commercial architectural, artistic and expansion, and gave the Emperor Caracalla strain Asifirah recipe Romanian colony in the year 212 AD, when granting Romanian citizenship to all the free people in the empire.

The results of the rise of strain Sasanian Persia and reach down to the Euphrates in 228 AD, the loss ruin their control to passers trade routes in the Shatt al-Arab and the Arabian Gulf, which led to the exposure to significant financial difficulties, she could not even Rome to assist them in getting rid of them, to be the ruler of the Syrian state Arabian King Uthaina who began his reign in 258 AD conquering Persians, reported their forces twice to their capital cities (Tesfon) in both 262 m and 267 m, and enjoy Uthaina all the titles high-decent, where the ruling became public during the reign of the Emperor Valerian, and earned the nickname «the whole reformer Middle »and the title« king of kings ».

After the death of Uthaina and Crown Herodian mysteriously in 267 or 268 AD, the wife Zenobia guardianship of their son gave Lat and took with him the titles of emperors, and occupied Egypt and Anatolia, in addition to the Levant, but that put them in the event of a clash with the Roman Emperor Aurelian, who fell into ruin his hand in 272 AD, was the queen of Arab families. Its fate has remained a matter of dispute among historians but left a wonderful life story of the legendary entered
the field.\

Tassili caves ... and the greatest mystery in the history of mankind

Between the Libyan and Algerian border lies caves called the Caves of Tassili series. It is just an innocent-looking mountains such as those found in all countries of the world, come here is not strange in terms of composition, but in terms of what they contain these mountains. !!

Tassili Caves: Caves series is very famous in the world, simply because it represents a great mystery too could not detect yet, Puzzle carries thousands of years old fees, ie they go back to primitive man.

Tassili caves site: Tassili in the mountain range that lies between the Libyan and Algerian borders.

The discovery of the caves of Tassili: The desert desolate forgotten in the southeast of the Algerian Republic of Angra anyone visited, and all of a sudden turned out to be one of the most parts of the world mysterious and filled with scientists and experts ... until the tourists come from all over the world to visit, what happened to attract the desert all of this attention? .

In fact, the reason for this unusual caves dating back to the traveler (Brennan), discovered in 1938 caves consider one of the most important discoveries effects of modern scientists. Some even have considered it the most important discovery of the tomb (Tutankhamun) famous and not accompanied by massive media hype that has accompanied the discovery of the ancient Egyptian cemetery.

While the traveler (Brbanan) pass the Algerian-Libyan border in one of the many trips she caught his eye group of caves spread Heights dubbed (Tassili), which aroused his curiosity, and make exploring those caves eagerly and Hamas severe as is the case with every traveler and explorer. .. and found in one of those caves on something that exceeded all expectations ... something made him the sniffles of hyper surprise and emotion (as mentioned in talking about those caves), it was found inside the cave, "Tassili" inscriptions and drawings wonderful human beings to fly in the sky. . wears Air devices .. but ... spaceships and astronauts ... and the men and women dressed in modern clothes we wear, such as those in the current of our time ... and men wearing dress frogmen ... other men dragging around cylindrical objects mysteriously attracted .. this discovery interesting effects and the media all scientists .. and make them scrambling to visit the Algerian-Libyan border to learn more about these fees and inscriptions curiosities ... and the most important of those visits were in 1956 ... when the traveler (Henry Lott), accompanied by a large group of scientists visited those caves ... and took her many photos pictures .. and after research and study .. and the use of highly sophisticated means (atomic Kalthalil) to determine the age of these inscriptions .. The result .. it was amazing right .. I have all the economists estimated the age of those drawings and engravings by more than twenty thousand years !! ... Any imagination feverishly to stop two hundred a century ago to pour on the walls of these caves secrets hacks? .. Any genius at the dawn of history has opted to leave the spear to draw cartoons precede the age of twenty thousand years? ... And for what purpose? .

There are three answers to this question and three solutions:

· Visit of creatures from another planet.

· Fees carried out by one of the men Najsan of the continent of Atlantis in the actual state of existence.

· Drawings of ancient civilization existed on the ground.

For the first likelihood: a visit from other creatures but because of the weakness of this possibility and that was out of the question, but by weak does not exceed 5%, and the reason is obvious. If they have this enormous technology since the twentieth century, which allowed them to move through the space, why this visit was not repeated until now such an event should not be repeated for thou Atkchw every day planet neighborhood and certainly their technology multiplied hundreds of times so far.

The second possibility, III: Due to the similarity of the two possibilities will try to Otnolhm together. For the first interpretation, which deals with it civilization was the precedent of the eras before the date which is painted caves of Tassili it is plausible reason: There is no objection to the existence of civilization extinct to the order of things.

We all know about the continent of Atlantis, which reported for the first time the words of the great philosopher Avlatonoho in one of his visit to Egypt, met some of the priests, the Egyptians, who told him the orders they received from their ancestors thousands of years.

There was a great continent behind the Pillars of Hercules (Gibraltar behind) and amounted to progress to the great and amazing degree of sophistication, but the continent disappeared for whatever reason it may be a flood or an environmental disaster or war because no one knows precisely why.

Of course we all know that the whole world was one block any land was one piece before it is divided. If we look at the map of the world and we have tried to link the region between America and Morocco, we will find a big gap. !!

So where did you go?

The only explanation that it was unacceptable to the continent of Atlantis sank beneath the sea surface. It is important that the survivors of Atlantis dispersed in some regions of the world with advancing stunning and there are several legends in Latin America for people who suddenly appeared and regarded them as there are like gods in mythology do not come mythology out of the blue, but there is a motive or something inspiring or miracle came up with the myth.

If so why Anfterd that after these survivors had he put these fees as a testament to a great civilization, a civilization than the Pharaonic civilization in medicine, engineering, astronomy and the miracle of embalming and keep this possibility with the possibility of the defunct civilization are increased by 15%.

The situation remains as it is and remains another spot of land surrounded by patches puzzles since the beginning of history, and perhaps until the end. !!

Bey Citadel

----------

 - Set up this fortress of Sultan Malik al-Ashraf Abu Al-Nasr Qaitbay Mahmoudi year (882 AH) corresponding (1477 AD), the ancient lighthouse of Alexandria place

"Historically established that the Lighthouse of Alexandria, who was of the Seven Wonders, has been established in 280 BC in the era of Ptolemy II, was built by architect Greek Sostratus and had a length of one hundred and twenty meters makes it the highest building in his day, and was Manar consists of four sections, the first is a square shaped base where many of the windows open, and has about 300 rooms equipped habitable technicians operators Manar and their families. the second floor was octagonal, and the third round finally come Manar where settle lantern lighting source in the al-Manar summit surmounted by a statue of the god of the sea and earthquakes when the Greeks - Bossa Idon- "

 Which destroyed 702 years after its devastating earthquake that occurred in the reign of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad at the eastern tip of the island of Pharos.

- And when he visited the Sultan Bey city of Alexandria a year (882 AH) corresponding (1477 AD) went to the location of the old lighthouse and ordered to build on the old basis of a tower, later known as Bey Citadel was the completion of construction two years after the construction of any year history in 1479 AD, and was the cause of Alexandria interest in the large number of direct threats to Egypt by the Ottoman Empire, which threatened the entire Arab region.

- Because Bey Citadel in Alexandria is one of the most important castles on the Mediterranean coast was interested by the sultans and rulers of Egypt over the historical times, and made the communities of the soldiers infantry, cavalry, artillery and various garrisons to defend them and then defending Egypt Gate in the northern coast.

- Bey Citadel was built on an area of ​​17,550 square meters has been built on this space Foreign castle walls and Astgamadtha warship It is a set of walls built to increase the castle immunization and these walls is a Surin major of huge stones that surround the castle from the outside and the inside prepared to protect the castle: -

* First Valsor is the outer wall and the castle is surrounded on all four sides east Valdila of this wall overlooking the sea and a width of two meters and a height of eight meters and peppered any towers The rib-west is a huge wall of a thickness greater than the rest of the castle walls peppered with three round towers and longer this wall the oldest remaining parts, while the southern side it overlooks the eastern port and peppered with three round towers and strikethrough the door, while the northern side Vital directly on the sea is divided into two parts the bottom of it is a large corridor roofed built over the rock directly with several compartments while the upper part is a a corridor with narrow openings overlooking the sea.

* And fences Interior has shown of stone and surrounded the main tower of all his part, with the exception of the northern side and permeates this wall inside a group of adjacent rooms prepared barracks for enlisted and is free of any openings except for door openings and slots Mzagl earmarked to be openings for ventilation on the one hand and Kvthat to defend the one hand other.

* The main tower of the castle, it is the northern prefecture west of the castle area of ​​the main tower of the castle is building a three-story layout square shape emerges from every corner of the four circular tower pillars rising from the surface of the main tower was built tower limestone hardwood.

- Reach inside the tower through the main entrance has located south ribs where this entrance leads to the inside of the tower, which consists layout of three floors, each different from the other in planning and height ground Vtabak occupied by the mosque Annex castle The second floor Veugd by several different compartments in the space The third floor Veugd by several small similar compartments separated by corridors.

Constructed in Egypt, many military castles to be Egypt fort and protect it from invaders, and Saladin Citadel in Cairo and Alexandria Bey witness to the greatness of the Egyptian man.

Salah al-den al-ayobi's castle

--------------------

- Cairo Citadel is located in the castle district of Cairo / Egypt

- Started to built by Sultan al-Nasir Salah al-Din from (572 AH --1 176 AD) to (604 AH --1 208 AD), but he did not complete it in his life, where he took Saladin ruled Egypt from one year (1171 AD-to-1193 AD) but full and completed by Sultan bin fair was the first inhabited is full of Sultan Dara and taken to the king, and remained so until the reign of Muhammad Ali.

- It has been erected on top of the cliffs in the position he was known air dome on the outskirts of the city of Cairo.

- The Saladin demolished some small-Ahram in Giza, and used the stones to build the castle and the fence around Cairo, and used a family of the Franks in the building, where his minister Bahauddin Karakus Assadi demolition of mosques and tombs that were present on the sound so that the construction of the castle, where it is the workers carved the rock.

- Salahuddin, digging wells in the castle draws, including the army and the inhabitants of the castle if prevent water them when the siege. And I am impressed by what has been because of the work of the well carved in the rock depth of 90 meters from the ground level of the castle, and this requires a great effort at the time.

- Is the Citadel of Saladin Ayoubi in Cairo of the most prestigious military castles built in the Middle Ages strategic Vemoqaha first class offering this site from a defensive important because it controls the cities of Cairo and Fustat.

- It is also a natural barrier between the two cities as high as that this site can provide communication between the castle and town in the state of siege as it will become the last bastion of a sit-in in case if the city fell to the enemy.

- And on the west side of the castle, there is the father runway and writing it refers to the construction of this castle, and text

*In the name of of Allah the Merciful *

"Maulana King Nasser Salah world and religion, Abu Muzaffar Yusuf ibn Ayyub Mohi ordered the establishment of this castle impressive, neighboring Cairo guarded collected useful and improvement and capacity Ali resorted to under his reign and heavily guarded, the State of the faithful in the eyes of his brother and Crown Prince, King fair Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr Mohammed Khalil faithful, at the hands of the Emir of his kingdom, and a certain state, son of Abdullah Karakus Royal Nazarene in seventy-nine and five hundred "

- And when he took Muhammad Ali Pasha, the referee has done renovations to the castle where he returned to Haazdharha greatness and the establishment of facilities where mosques, palaces and fortifications added to Muhammad Ali mosque.

- The castle was built on a hill overlooking Cairo symbol and the seat of the ruler of Egypt for centuries since the time of Saladin years

(1183 AD) until the transfer of Khedive Ismail government headquarters to Abdeen Palace, which was built for this purpose in the contract (1860 AD)

- Cairo Citadel saw a famous massacre which concludes Mohammed Ali, called the founder of modern Egypt from the Mamluks leaders in 1811

- Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities announced to find the longest and largest crypt in the Citadel of Saladin by doing the completion of the sewage project in the castle dating back to the Mamluk era.

- Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Zahi Hawass said that the basement discovered "Ablaq up between the palace, which is considered the largest of the remaining palaces from the Mamluk era and side mansions that have been constructed in the era of Sultan al-Nasir Mohammed bin Kalawoon."

- The Nasser built Qasralobelk in his third reign as he took office boy in 1293 AD for a year was isolated after to take a second to power in 1298, but the kingdoms re isolated in 1308 before returning to power for the third time in 1309 to continue to rule Egypt until the year 1341 .

- Director General of the Gaza Alatharalasalamah and Coptic in the Council Abdullah described the entire corridor as a big "room for Knight riding a horse and with a length of 150 meters ends display meter and a half."

- For his part, the castle Mustafa Hassan, the director pointed out that "the crypt is located beneath the surface of the Earth at a rate of between three meters high and seven meters in line with the site primarily by the castle and the different altitudes above the plateau constructed."

- "I do not know whether this basement within the maps developed by the French campaign of the castle, some of which indicates the presence of lanes under the castle, including what he described's 14 tankers to store water scientists became known for the Supreme Council and the largest tank Kikhya that is sufficient need ten thousand people from water for more than a year.

- Hassan, likely to be "backfill operations carried out by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the castle for the construction of modern buildings to be responsible for the destruction of a number of mazes that have not disclosed yet does not know much about it."

- Referred to the Nasser bin Kalawoon who has seen his country in unprecedented prosperity has constructed many of the structures inside the castle and outside most notably his school and his group in Moez Street to the religion of Allah Fatimid which is one of the most prominent features of Islamic architecture in Fatimid Cairo.

- Supreme Council of Antiquities said in a statement that the vestibule, which dates back to King al-Nasir Muhammad era was covered with a vault Brmela shape and is located in a region stretching from the Palace Ablaq side and palaces space "and is one of the main corridors of the Citadel of Saladin Ayoubi, one of the most important Islamic monuments in Egypt." proceeded in Salahuddin built in 1176 AD.

- The castle was built on a hill overlooking Cairo symbol and the seat of the ruler of Egypt for centuries and saw a famous massacre which concludes Mohammed Ali, called the founder of modern Egypt from the Mamluks leaders in 1811 AD. The sequence of installations where mosques, palaces and fortifications with a succession of kings and sultans.

- The statement added that the corridor with a width of 150 cm and the bottom of it is carved into the rock.

- Said A.